Noha+Rashwan


 * //__The Fundamental Relationship between Education and__//** **//__Economy in such a Competitive World__//**

__//** Content: **//__ //**Education in Pakistan **////**Education in Australia **////**Education in America **////**Education in Egypt **// //**__Introduction:__ **// //**There are arguments in many countries about how to improve public education. We often ask the government to give education the priority in funding. I know it is very difficult to do so especially in the economic crisis that the entire world faces nowadays but if we consider education as a kind of real investment, we therefore have to look for more resources for its budget. As a result, education can produce well- trained labor force capable of leading the society. The rationale behind my topic lies in these two questions:**// //**1-Is there a relationship between Education and economy?**// //**2- Does spending on education have any important effects on students’ achievements?**// //** In developed countries we face budget shortage and lack of financial resources to spend on education properly. That is clear in the inability of the governments to build new schools in addition to the lack of facilities in every school. We have overcrowded classrooms, old school buildings, inadequate computers and other technological supplies. In my opinion the quality of education is determined by the amount of public resources invested in education .**// __ //**The Content:**// __ //** The education system in Pakistan has undergone many changes and has greatly improved through plans which emphasized human resources as development, making curricula more relevant, reforming the examination system, expanding technical and higher education. **// //** However, despite reforms and the substantial growth in the number of education institutions, these goals are difficult to achieve. Why? The main obstacles are Pakistan’s rapid population growth and national resources constraints. Due to the ever- increasing demands for the quantifiable expansion of education facilities, adequate resources cannot be found for quantifiable improvement. **// //** In consequences, despite the growth of the system, education institutions continue to lack proper infrastructure, the curricula still lack relevance and the methodology of instruction and evaluation remain far from satisfactory. Gender and rural- urban imbalances, both in availability and quality of educational facilities, dropout and failure rates continue to be high. **//

= =  __//**Issues in Australia's Education:**//__ = In the early 1990s, a free market economic agenda for public education was introduced within the education system in Australia. School became more in relation to personal and budgeting and more responsible for generating their own funding to supplement government funding. = //** Hence said (p.13) “And, as school witness a shift from liberal or progressive values to a more conservative marketplace approach, raising achievement has emerged as the leitmotif of educational discourse.” Meadmore(1999) observed that “the major benefits which education is seen to provide for society are those which can be measured by calculable **// //** out puts.” **// //** Meadmore points that in Australia “Even the fundamental issue of free instruction in government schools has been redefined as schools struggle to balance their budget as a result of reduced government funding.” Parents may have to pay the costs of computer use, school visits and sports equipment.” As for looking for better education it emerged the private schools and this aroused debate in Australia in part because such schools are seem to reproduce unequal social relations, and in part because it is not the government responsibility to fund private schools. But again it is not only fund but also performance. **// Challenges for Australian education.pdf //** To move to the second question, which is: **// //** Does spending on education have any important effects on students’ achievements? **// //** I'd like to answer that question from an American point of view; Many Americans seem to share the view that the government should spend more on education to improve opportunities for students. American spending on public k-12 education continues to rise until reaching 9.260 per public in 2004-2005. **// //** Total real spending per student has increased by 23.5 percent over the past decade and 49 percent over the past 20 years. **// //** Federal spending on elementary and secondary education has also increased. Since 1985, real federal spending on k-12 education has increased by 138 percent. Continuous spending increases have not corresponded with equal improvement in American educational performance. Long Term (NAEP) reading scale scores and high school graduation rates show that the performance of American students has not improved in recent decades even though education spending has soared. **// //**Academic researchers have sought to answer the question of whether Education expenditure are correlated with student performance. However, there is a lack of consistent evidence on whether education expenditures are related to academic achievement. Eric Hanushek has studied the effect of per-pupil expenditures on academic outcomes, finding either no relationship or a relationship that is either weak or inconsistent. However, researchers Larry Hedges and Rob Greenwald** **analyzed the same data used by Hanushek and concluded that increasing per-pupil expenditures has a significant positive impact on student achievement.**// //** That is depend on how the money is spent, not how much money is spent. According to Hanushek, ”Few people would recommended just dumping extra resources into existing **////** schools. America has followed that program for several decades with no sign that student performance has improved.” **// //** Chart 5 compares high graduation rates and per-student expenditure in the nation’s 50 largest cities. In many cities, spending per-student exceeds $10.000 per year, yet graduation rates are below 50 percent. In Detroit, per-student spending is $11.000 per year, yet only 25 percent of Detroit students are graduating from high school according to a recent estimate. **// [] =__//** Egypt **//__= = Education in Egypt.pptx = = = References: Schooling Around the World. Debates,Challenges,and Practices/Kas Mazurek/Margret A.Winzer = =